CI/CD for On-Prem Edge Models: Automating Deployments to Raspberry Pi 5 Clusters

Hook: Stop fragile edge rollouts — make Pi5 model updates repeatable, observable, and safe

You’ve got a cluster of Raspberry Pi 5 devices with the new AI HAT+ 2 attached, running useful on-device models — but pushing new models or fixes to dozens or hundreds of devices is still manual, error-prone, and risky. Teams lose time battling mismatched runtimes, thermal throttling, or inconsistent quantization; they lack progressive rollouts, verifiable artifacts, and automated rollback when inference quality or latency regresses.

Executive summary — what this guide gives you (most important first)

• Reproducible pipeline: Build, sign, and publish model + runtime artifacts (multi-arch images and model bundles) using CI (GitHub Actions/GitLab CI) and DVC/MLflow.
• Safe delivery: Deploy with GitOps or OTA (Argo CD / Flux / Mender / balena) and use progressive canaries + health checks for automated rollback.
• Observability & drift detection: Collect inference metrics (latency, error rates, confidence distributions) and run automated alerts and rollbacks with Prometheus + Alertmanager + ChatOps.
• Security & reproducibility: Sign images and model artifacts with Sigstore/Cosign and produce SBOMs; pin dependencies and cross-build with Buildx.

The 2026 context: why this matters now

In late 2025 and early 2026 the edge space matured in two key ways: (1) inexpensive hardware like the Raspberry Pi 5 paired with accelerators such as the AI HAT+ 2 made practical on-device generative and multimodal inference; (2) GitOps, supply-chain signing (Sigstore/Cosign), and model registries became standard operational patterns for production ML. That combination drives a new operational requirement: robust CI/CD designed for constrained, heterogeneous fleets rather than ephemeral cloud servers.

Trends that affect your pipeline

• Broader adoption of model registries (MLflow, W&B) and open exchange formats (ONNX, TFLite) by late 2025.
• Stricter supply-chain requirements and image signing rising in 2025 — expect verification-by-default on devices in 2026.
• Edge GitOps: tooling such as Argo CD + k3s/microk8s and balenaCloud expanded features for small-device fleets through 2025.

High-level architecture for Pi5 + AI HAT+ 2 CI/CD

Design the system around immutable artifacts and declarative delivery:

• Source & CI: Code, model training pipeline, quantization scripts in Git. CI builds container images and model bundles (DVC/MLflow).
• Artifact repos: Container registry (multi-arch), model registry (MLflow or DVC remote), and an artifact store for signed bundles + SBOMs.
• CD: GitOps (ArgoCD/Flux) or OTA (Mender, balena) pushing to device fleet orchestrator (k3s on Pi5 or agent-based balena/Mender).
• Monitoring: Prometheus + edge exporters, Loki/Fluentd for logs, and a central model-health service to evaluate inference drift.
• ChatOps & webhooks: Slack/Teams alerts and approval flows for progressive releases and manual rollback triggers.

Pipeline walkthrough — step-by-step with examples

1) Package models reproducibly

Use DVC or MLflow to track model inputs, training code, and model artifacts. Always record:

• Model binary (ONNX/TFLite/optimized runtime)
• Quantization metadata (scale, zero point, quant schema)
• Hardware profile (AI HAT+ 2 runtime version)
• SBOM and hash signatures

Example DVC commands:

# track model files
  dvc add models/bert-int8.tflite
  git add models/bert-int8.tflite.dvc
  git commit -m "Add quantized model"
  dvc push
  

2) Build multi-arch inference images (CI)

Raspberry Pi 5 uses 64-bit ARM. Use Docker Buildx in CI to produce an arm64 image and publish to your registry. Sign images with Cosign.

# GitHub Actions job fragment (simplified)
  jobs:
    build:
      runs-on: ubuntu-latest
      steps:
        - uses: actions/checkout@v4
        - name: Setup QEMU
          uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
        - name: Setup Buildx
          uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
        - name: Login to registry
          uses: docker/login-action@v2
          with:
            registry: ghcr.io
            username: ${{ secrets.REG_USER }}
            password: ${{ secrets.REG_PAT }}
        - name: Build and push
          run: |
            docker buildx build --platform linux/arm64 -t ghcr.io/org/edge-infer:${{ github.sha }} --push .
        - name: Sign image
          run: |
            COSIGN_EXPERIMENTAL=1 cosign sign --key cosign.key ghcr.io/org/edge-infer:${{ github.sha }}
  

3) Publish model artifact and metadata

Push the model bundle to the model registry and generate an immutable release manifest that links image digest and model digest.

# create release.json
  {
    "image": "ghcr.io/org/edge-infer@sha256:...",
    "model": "dvc://models/bert-int8.tflite@v1",
    "sbom": "sbom/edge-infer-1.sbom.json",
    "signed_by": "cosign:..."
  }
  

Delivery patterns: GitOps vs OTA

Choose one or combine both depending on device management:

GitOps (recommended for Pi clusters running k3s/microk8s)

• Keep device manifests in a Git repo. CD reconciler (Argo CD / Flux) pulls a declarative application that references the exact image digest and model manifest.
• Progressive rollouts are easiest with Argo rollouts or Kubernetes native strategies.

# Argo CD Application (snippet)
  apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1
  kind: Application
  metadata:
    name: edge-infer
  spec:
    source:
      repoURL: "git@github.com:org/edge-manifests.git"
      path: "environments/prod/pi5"
    destination:
      server: https://k3s.local:6443
      namespace: edge
  

OTA (recommended for agent-managed fleets: balena, Mender)

• Mender and balena provide reliable delta updates and device-level rollback primitives. Build an update image that contains new model + container and sign it.
• OTA works well where you don’t want a full Kubernetes stack on Pi devices.

Progressive rollout and automated rollback

A progressive rollout reduces blast radius. Combine canary percentage releases with automated health checks and rollback triggers.

1. Deploy to 1–5% of devices (canary group)
2. Collect health metrics for a fixed window
3. If thresholds exceed (latency + error rate + CPU/temp), trigger automatic rollback
4. If stable, ramp to 25% → 50% → 100%

Example health check + rollback script

# simple health check pseudo-script (runs as part of CD)
  # checks inference latency and error rate from Prometheus
  THRESH_LAT_MS=200
  THRESH_ERR=0.02

  latency=$(curl -s "http://prometheus/api/v1/query?query=avg(inference_latency_ms){job=\"edge\"}")
  err=$(curl -s "http://prometheus/api/v1/query?query=rate(inference_errors[5m])")

  if [ "$latency" -gt "$THRESH_LAT_MS" ] || [ "$err" -gt "$THRESH_ERR" ]; then
    # trigger rollback via GitOps: restore previous image digest in repo or call Mender rollback API
    curl -X POST $CD_CONTROLPLANE/api/rollback -d '{"app":"edge-infer"}'
    exit 1
  fi
  

Observability: what to measure on Pi5 + AI HAT+ 2

Standard node metrics matter (CPU, memory, temperature, power), but for model operations add:

• Inference latency (p50/p95/p99)
• Throughput (requests/sec)
• Error rates (exceptions, malformed inputs)
• Confidence distribution (to detect model drift)
• Hardware saturation (NPU/accelerator utilization if exposed)

Implement a lightweight exporter that exposes inference metrics to Prometheus, and deploy node_exporter and a temperature exporter for thermal monitoring. Centralize alerts in Alertmanager and wire critical alerts to ChatOps with runbooks attached.

Security & reproducibility — required guardrails

• Sign every artifact: Use Cosign/Sigstore to sign images and model bundles. Verify on device at deploy time.
• SBOMs: Produce SBOMs during CI and store them with artifacts for audits.
• Secrets: Use hardware-backed secret stores where possible (TPM, Secure Element) or manage secrets with Vault and short-lived tokens.
• Network segmentation: Limit device egress to required registries and telemetry endpoints.

Device-level considerations for Pi5 + AI HAT+ 2

Raspberry Pi 5 is more capable than earlier Pi models, but it still has constraints compared to cloud GPUs. Consider:

• Memory & swap: Quantize models and keep RAM footprint predictable.
• Thermal throttling: Monitor CPU and NPU temps; include thermal mitigation in runtime (dynamic batching or reducing threads).
• Runtime compatibility: Lock inference runtime versions (the AI HAT+ 2 SDK) in your artifact manifest.
• Power & boot resiliency: Validate updates under brownout conditions — Mender/balena handle rollback on failed boots.

Integrations: CLI, CI, webhooks and ChatOps

Make your pipeline discoverable and controllable by developers and SREs:

• Expose a simple CLI to trigger canary promotion and rollback (wrap API calls to your GitOps/OTA control plane).
• Use GitHub Actions / GitLab CI to run reproducible builds and push a release manifest to a releases repo used by CD.
• Send notifications via webhooks to Slack/Teams on deployment start, success, or rollback. Include links to runbooks.

# simple promotion CLI (bash)
  promote() {
    repo=$1
    image=$2
    # update manifest in git and push
    jq ".image = \"${image}\"" release.json > out.json
    git add out.json && git commit -m "Promote ${image}" && git push
  }
  

Case study: 50-store retail Pi5 fleet

Scenario: A retailer runs 50 Pi5 devices at checkout kiosks with AI HAT+ 2 for on-device receipt parsing and suggestions. They need to update a language model weekly for new tax rules without disrupting peak hours.

What they implemented:

1. CI builds signed images with model bundles; artifacts are stored in a private registry and model registry.
2. Use Mender for OTA with signed delta updates; each update contains the image digest and model digest in a manifest.
3. Canary to 2 stores (4 devices) during non-peak hours for 6 hours, collect inference latency and error metrics in Prometheus.
4. Automated rollback rule: if p95 latency > 300ms or error rate > 3% in canary, abort and roll back automatically. A Slack alert with runbook is sent on failure.

Outcome: Reduced failed deployments from 9% (manual rollouts) to 0.4% (automated canaries), and time-to-recover went from hours to minutes thanks to signed, atomic rollbacks.

Automation checklist — practical tasks to implement this week

1. Instrument inference code to emit metrics (latency, error, confidence) to a Prometheus endpoint.
2. Add model tracking with DVC or MLflow and push an initial SBOM for your runtime.
3. Implement multi-arch image build in CI and add Cosign signing.
4. Choose delivery method: spin up k3s for GitOps or evaluate Mender/balena for OTA.
5. Create a small canary group and a Prometheus alert that will trigger a rollback script via webhook.

Future-proofing & 2026 predictions

Looking forward in 2026:

• Model registries will converge on richer metadata (hardware profile, quantization parameters), making per-device compatibility checks automatic during CD.
• Devices will verify signatures by default, so signing artifacts in CI will be a gating requirement for deployment.
• Edge GitOps will become lighter, with reconciler agents optimized for low-memory devices and differential sync to reduce bandwidth.
• Auto-drift mitigation: integrated model-splitting where a small local model handles most cases and delegates to a more capable local/nearby node when uncertainty rises.

“The balance in 2026 is operational safety, reproducibility, and observability — not treating edge devices as disposable.”

Recommended tooling matrix

• Model tracking: DVC, MLflow
• CI build: GitHub Actions, GitLab CI + Docker Buildx
• Image signing: Sigstore / Cosign
• CD: Argo CD / Flux (k3s) or OTA: Mender, balena
• Monitoring: Prometheus, Grafana, Alertmanager, Loki
• Secrets: HashiCorp Vault, SOPS for git-encrypted secrets

Final checklist before first production rollout

• All artifacts signed and SBOMs published.
• Device-side verification of signatures enabled.
• Canary group defined and automated health checks in place.
• Rollback path tested and automated (both GitOps revert and OTA rollback).
• Runbooks and ChatOps notifications wired to on-call.

Call to action

If you manage or will manage Raspberry Pi 5 fleets with the AI HAT+ 2, start by integrating artifact signing and model tracking into your CI this week. Clone a sample repo that builds a signed multi-arch image, add a DVC model workflow, and wire a Prometheus health-check that can trigger a rollback. If you want a ready-made pipeline template and device manifests you can adapt, try our reference CI/CD repository and sign up for a trial to run a simulated rollout on a test Pi5 cluster.

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